Starting a clothing line involves countless moving parts. Beginning with a great foundation and high-quality materials can set you apart from other fashion brands. But fabric sourcing can be overwhelming. There are various types of fabric qualities—knit, woven, yarn dyed, and printed—as well as many techniques for knitting, weaving, and printing. Where do you start?
For many fashion designers, sourcing fabric is the first step of the design process. The next step is designing garments around that fabric. Choosing the right materials for your products can make an impact on your sales and customer satisfaction—no one wants a scratchy t-shirt or pants that shrink in the wash.
In this article, you’ll learn how to source the right fabrics in a few steps, the different types of fabrics and suppliers, and the right questions to ask when you’re choosing fabrics for your clothing line.
Table of Contents
What is fabric sourcing?
Fabric sourcing is the process of finding a supplier who produces the fabric you need and managing the supply chain and delivery to get the required goods on time, within budget, and without any damage.
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How to source fabric for your brand in 3 steps
- Learn the basics of fabric construction
- Understand the different types of fabric suppliers
- Visit trade shows and source fabric online
1. Learn the basics of fabric construction
Understanding how fabric is constructed and what fabric type is best for the product you’re designing is a crucial step in the design process.
While there aremany different ways fabric can be constructed—two of the most commonly used fabric construction types are knits and wovens.
Knitted fabric
Knitted fabrics are usually lightweight, comfortable, and don’t require much care to keep up their appearance. Knits tend to resist wrinkling making them a more popular fabric choice. Knitted fabric is used when designing soft, comfortable tops, bottoms, and undergarments. Their elastic nature also works well for active clothing.
Today, knits are available in various fibers, such as linen, silk, wool, Tencel, polyester, cotton, and cotton blends.
There are two fundamental ways that knits get made:
- A weft knit or hand-knitted fabric is constructed with a single yarn that’s looped to create horizontal rows. Each row gets built on the previous row.
- A warp knit is made with multiple parallel yarns that are simultaneously looped vertically to form the fabric.
This article inThreads Magazinegives you an in-depth look at knit fabric construction. Real Simple’sglossary of t-shirt fabricsis a helpful resource to learn more about knit fabric types that brands use for t-shirts.
Woven fabric
Woven fabricsare made with two or more sets of yarns interlaced at right angles to each other and are constructed on a machine called a handloom or power loom. Frequent characteristics of woven fabrics are opacity, abrasion resistance, and pill resistance. The higher the thread count, the higher the quality and strength. Uses for wovens include denim and formal pants, button-down shirts, and jackets.
Two classifications of woven fabrics are:
- Basic or simple weaves.This includes plain weave, twill weave, and satin weaves.
- Complex or novelty weaves.This includes dobby weave, jacquard weave, pique (like a men’s polo tee shirt), and more.
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2. Understand the different types of fabric suppliers
Finding reliable fabric suppliers is a critical step instarting a clothing line. It’s best to find partners that can guarantee the stock you need as well as on-time delivery.
There are three different types of fabric suppliers that are defined based on how they operate and what kind of fabric they stock.
- Fabric mills.These suppliers provide made-to-offer fabrics and often have substantial minimum order requirements (MOQs).
- Converter.A company that purchases unfinished or greige goods from the fabric mill. Then they proceed to finish the fabric by dying, printing, or washing the goods before they sell it to you.
- Jobbers.Jobbers typically carry a limited stock of fabric that was left over from converters and mills. They may sell it at reduced prices and don’t usually restock a fabric, color, or print once they sell out. Take caution with this type of fabric supplier, as you may not be able to order the same fabric twice.
3. Visit trade shows and source fabric online
Sourcing fabric in person at fabric trade shows allows you to see and touch the materials. However, you can also find fabric suppliers online and order fabric hangers (a.k.a. swatches or samples) that you can review at your studio or office. Depending on the fabric mill, they may charge you a fee, usually around $5 to $10 for each fabric hanger.
Source your fabric at trade shows
Fabric trade shows can be overwhelming. Rows and rows of supplier booths, sometimes hundreds, are a lot to look at in a few hours. You can research the exhibiting fabric mills before the trade show and make a list of your top 10. Leave yourself a few extra minutes, just in case you discover fabric suppliers that you didn’t find during your online search.
Two fabric trade shows that you can start with are:
- The Fabric Shows.The Fabric Shows is better for small quantity fabric orders, and many of the fabric suppliers that exhibit are based in the US or have showrooms in the US.
- Texworld.Texworld is a more significant trade show with more exhibitors. Many of the fabric suppliers that exhibit at Texworld have mills overseas in China, India, and elsewhere.
Here’s a list of textile trade showsin the US, in chronological order.
Source your fabric online
If you can’t make it to a fabric trade show, searching trade show websites for fabric suppliers that meet your criteria is the next best option. These days, many fabric suppliers, if not all, have a fabric catalog on their website. You can peruse at your leisure and then request fabric headers (sometimes called hangers) that you can review in the comfort of your office.
10 questions to ask fabric suppliers
Knowing the right questions to ask and what to look for when sourcing fabric for your clothing line is crucial. Many brands create a spec sheet template, a form that lists specific information about each fabric quality. In some cases, the fabric supplier may already have a spec sheet that they can share with you.
Here are 10 questions to ask fabric suppliers while you’re sourcing fabric for your clothing line.
1. What is the fabric article or item number?
Just like finished products that you sell through your ecommerce store, fabric suppliers create article or item numbers for each fabric quality that they sell. The fabric article number is usually found on the fabric hangers. Take note of this number, as you’ll need it when you order the sample and bulk fabric yardage.
2. What is the fabric weight?
It’s important to think about the fabric weight of each garment you are designing. You most likely will not use the same fabric weight for every product in your collection. Often, bottoms use a heavier-weight fabric than tops. However, it depends on each specific garment and how you want the fabric to drape or lay over the wearer’s body.
Fabric weight gets listed in grams per square meter (GSM or GR/M2). Below are a few examples of fabric weights used for different types of knit garments.
- Activewear leggings and sports bras are about 200 GSM to 300 GSM
- Lounge pants are about 180 GSM to 250 GSM
- Standard t-shirts are about 130 GSM to 180 GSM
- Lightweight t-shirts are about 130 GSM and less
Please note, these fabric weights are suggestions based on experience. The fabric weight you choose may vary for your clothing line.
3. What is the fabric content?
Fabric content refers to the makeup of the fibers that are used to knit or weave the fabric. Commonly used fibers are rayon, cotton, polyester, and silk.
4. What is the fabric construction?
Fabric construction involves the conversion of yarns and sometimes fibers into a piece of fabric that is then used to make an end product. Fabric characteristics are determined by the materials and methods used to construct the fabric. Presently, most fabric production uses interlacing methods, such as weaving or knitting.
5. What’s the fabric width (total and cuttable)?
Fabric width is the measurement across the width of the fabric roll from edge to edge. Fabric suppliers will provide you with two points of measurement (if they don’t, ask for it).
The two measurements to consider are the total width and the cuttable width. The edges of the fabric can be skewed or damaged during production and transportation, so it’s best to refer to the cuttable width for a more precise measurement of fabric that is usable.
6. How much does the fabric cost per yard/meter (sample yardage and bulk yardage)?
Depending on your target retail price for the garments that you will sell to consumers and the fabric yield for each garment, you can determine your target fabric price per yard or meter for each fabric. Keep this target price in mind when you are sourcing new materials to ensure that you are within your budget.
Typically, fabric pricing per yard or meter can change from year to year, depending on the market and the cost of resources to make the fabric. Also, buying fabric in bulk usually costs less than purchasing sample yardage. You can ask the fabric supplier for their sample and bulk price per yard. The cost per yard for sample fabric can be $3 to $5 more, and in some cases double the bulk yardage price.
7. What is the minimum order quantity (MOQ)?
MOQ refers to the minimum amount of fabric yardage that you must buy per order from a supplier. In most cases, fabric mills have an MOQ for sample yardage, usually at least five yards, and a different MOQ for bulk yardage. Depending on the supplier you are working with, bulk fabric yardage MOQs vary.
例如,如果一个供应商需要MOQ的500yards, you must purchase at least 500 yards to be able to deal with that supplier. In some cases, the fabric supplier will allow you to order less than the MOQ by applying a surcharge to the price per yard.
You can ask if you can apply the bulk MOQ across multiple colors of the same fabric quality or if it’s per fabric, per color. Applying the MOQ across more than one color is a way to maximize your buying options if you are unable to buy 500 yards of one color.
8. How long is the fabric delivery lead time?
The time between the initiation of a fabric order and the completion of a production and delivery process is the fabric delivery lead time. Some fabric suppliers keep stock of the fabric that they sell, resulting in quick turnaround time from the moment you place your order to the delivery at your factory. Other suppliers have delivery lead times ranging from four weeks to eight weeks. You can ask for fabric delivery lead times for sample yardage and bulk yardage. Sample yardage usually has a shorter delivery lead time.
9. Where is the country of origin?
The country of origin or COO is the country where the production of the fabric and shipping takes place. It’s important to ask for this information as it must go on the inside label of your garments and it will also affect the cost of your fabric.Here is an overview of key terms to know if you are importing your fabric from overseas.
10. What are the fabric care instructions?
The recommended method for washing fabric varies for each fabric type and depends on the fabric content and construction. Fabric care instructions are provided to uphold fabric integrity over time. Some fibers get damaged in high heat, or they have higher shrinkage rates than others when placed in the dryer. Other fabrics, like silk, are often dry clean only.Here is an overview of care symbols and what they mean.
Additional fabric sourcing terms defined
Like most industries, the fashion industry has its own language for sourcing and manufacturing. These nine terms can help you navigate fabric sourcing like a pro.
Fabric hand
Fabric hand refers to the way the fabric feels when you touch it with your hand. There are no definitive fashion industry terms for fabric hand, but commonly used words to describe fabric hand are soft, cool, dry, and silky.
Selvage
The selvage is the finished edge of the fabric. It keeps it from unraveling and fraying. The salvage runs the entire length of the material.
Fabric grain
The grainline of the fabric is broken up into three options:
- Lengthwise grain(warp) refers to the threads that run parallel to the salvage.
- Crosswise grain(weft) refers to the threads that run perpendicular to the selvage or along the cut edge of the fabric.
- Bias grainis technically not a “grain.” It’s the 45-degree angle between warp and weft grains. Cutting your fabric on the bias results in more stretch and can be used anywhere that you need the material to drape more smoothly over a curve.
Fabric drape
织物褶皱是最重要的因素之一to consider when constructing a garment. Drape refers to how the fabric hangs or falls on the body. You can decide whether you want a dress to hug the body or hang away from the body.
Fabric hanger
A fabric hanger, also referred to as a fabric header, serves as a fabric sample. It’s a small cutting of the fabric so buyers can see and feel the material firsthand. You can also use the swatch as a reference during the design process.
Sample yardage
Sample yardage is the fabric that you order when designing and developing samples. Typically it costs more than bulk fabric yardage that you buy for production. Most fabric suppliers require a five-yard minimum order for sample yardage.
Bulk yardage
Bulk yardage is the fabric that you order after you have designed, developed, and approved your garments. Bulk yardage refers to the more significant quantity of fabric yardage that you buy to manufacture your products. Depending on the supplier, there may be sizable minimum order requirements, or you can order a small quantity at a higher price per yard.
Greige goods
Greige is an unfinished woven or knitted fabric in its raw state, before being bleached, dyed, or printed.
Shrinkage
Shrinkageis the process in which a piece of fabric becomes smaller than its original size, usually through the process of laundry. Typically represented as a percentage, it’s up to you to decide what your tolerance level is for fabric shrinkage. Confirming the shrinkage rate before you go to production can help you determine if you need to adjust the fit specifications of a garment to account for shrinkage.
Sourcing fabric that fits your business
Now that you have a better idea of the fabric sourcing process and commonly used terms, it’s time to visit trade shows, order samples, and look at what other comparable retailers are using for their products to spark ideas and inspire your next collection.
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