Electing to form anS corporationover other business entity types whenstarting a businesscan make a major difference in how much a business ends up paying in taxes and how profits and dividends are ultimately managed.
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What is an S corporation?
AnS corporationis a business structure and tax election available to private corporations, like alimited liability company (LLCs)orpartnership, that is not subject to corporate income tax. In an S corp, profits pass through to the shareholders, who then pay taxes on those profits when filing their personal income taxes.
Benefits of S corporation
A decision to form as an S corporation, and subsequently be taxed as an S corporation, will lie chiefly in whether your company’s interests align with the below advantages without being excessively burdened by the below drawbacks.
S corporations provide a number of advantages to owners and shareholders, primarily with regards to liability shielding and optimizing tax benefits.
Protection from liability
S corporations are legal entities entirely distinct from the corporation’s shareholders. Shareholders are therefore protected from liability directed at the company. If the company is sued, plaintiffs cannot access the personal assets of shareholders, should they succeed.
Avoids double taxation
An S corporation is a pass-through entity, meaning corporate profits and losses “pass through” to ownership. As a result, business income is not subject to corporate tax,something C corporations don’t benefit from. C corporations are subject to so-called “double taxation”—corporate earnings are taxed along with personal earnings of owners and shareholders.
Savings on self-employment taxes
S corporation shareholders do not pay self-employment taxes on distributions from business profits. They are taxed on any salary they pay themselves, however, and before recognizing any profits, the S corporation must pay reasonable compensation to any owner who also works as an employee.
This salary is subject to certain payroll taxes (e.g., Social Security and Medicare taxes), which are paid half by the employee and half by the S corporation. Any savings accrued from paying no self-employment tax on profits, therefore, are activated only once the S corporation is earning enough to sustain profits after paying out salaries.
Access to corporate benefits
Employees who are also shareholders can participate in certain corporate benefit plans, such as health and life insurance, without those benefits being classified as taxable income.
Ease of transfer
S corp shares can usually be transferred without adverse tax consequences. This makes it easier to bring in new investors or allow existing ones to leave without disrupting the business.
Some restrictions do apply, such as a 100-shareholder limit, issuing only one class of stock, and all shareholders being US citizens or resident aliens, potentially limiting transfer options.
Estate planning benefits
S corps are good for transferring businesses to future generations. Transferring shares easily can minimize family conflicts and tax implications, allowing a gradual transition of control. Some of these benefits may require special estate planning, and restrictions on shareholders can complicate things.
Disadvantages an S corporation
There are a number of disadvantages to forming and operating as an S corporation, including some of the strictest restrictions on ownership and shareholding.
Drawbacks of opting for this entity structure include:
- Shares are recognized as forfeitable assets in court—they may be seized or compelled into sale in legal proceedings.
- Limitations on scope and profile of shareholding—a maximum of 100 shareholders, all of whom must be US citizens or resident aliens. These shares must be held directly by the shareholders.
- Owners or employees who hold more than 2% of the S corporation’s shares may not receive corporate health benefits as a tax-free distribution.
- Pass-through taxes are paid at shareholders’ personal tax rate. High-income shareholders pay more federal taxes on dividends and distributions.
- If an S corporation’s tax status is compromised by the existence of a non-resident shareholder or stock being owned by another corporate entity, the IRS will revoke the status, charge back taxes for the previous three years, and impose a five-year waiting period to regain S corporation status.
How S corps compare to other entities
S corporations share a number of similarities with other common business structures, such as LLCs andsole proprietorships. However, they also differ in a few key ways.
S corporations vs. sole proprietorships
独资企业是一种非公司business where one person is the sole owner, responsible for running the entire business.
Unlike in an S corporation context, there is no legal separation between an owner (or sole proprietor) of a sole proprietorship and the business itself. The owner of a sole proprietorship is therefore not protected from any liability suffered by the company. If the sole proprietorship is sued or in debt, litigants or creditors may reach an owner’s personal assets. S corporations provide owners and shareholders with liability protection by separating the assets of the company from their assets.
S corporations vs. LLCs
A limited liability company is a business structure that protects owners from personal responsibility for a corporation’s debts or legal liabilities. An LLC essentially melds aspects of a corporation with characteristics of a sole proprietorship.S corporations and LLCs are similar in some ways, different in others.
How they’re similar:
- S corporations and LLCs both offer liability shields to owners and shareholders—both business entities are legally separate from the personal assets of owners and shareholders. Should either an S corporation or LLC be sued or fall into debt, the personal assets of these groups would be protected from litigants or creditors.
- S corporations and LLCs are also both pass-through entities—neither form of business pays taxes on corporate income, but both require that owners and shareholders report earnings and losses on personal tax returns.
How they’re different:
- 有限责任公司s are a lot easier to establish and less expensive to operate than S corps.
- 有限责任公司s are not subject to the same strict IRS rules and are not required to maintain boards of directors or bylaws, or to conduct annual meetings.
- An LLC is also a more flexible entity form, allowing owners to retain more control over operations.
- S corporations have resources at their disposal to incentivize outside fundraising—such as issuing stock.
While an LLC can be dissolved if a member or owner withdraws from the organization, an S corporation tends to live on in perpetuity.
Final thoughts
Plenty of small business owners opt to run their enterprise as an S corporation. It’s a structure that carries a number of tax advantages, including many found in LLCs and other partnerships, while offering the liability shield of a more traditionalC公司. Think of it as a middle ground between the two subcategories of legal entities.
Though ideal for leaner,fast-growing startups, restrictions on the size of the shareholding class may be a roadblock to future expansion. It is crucial for you to factor in the long-term vision for your small business when weighing whether the S corporation is the right business entity structure for you.
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Benefits of S corp FAQ
What are the pros and cons of an S corp?
- Pros:S corporations can save on self-employment taxes, and profits are distributed to shareholders without corporate tax.
- Cons:They require more formalities and adherence to stricter rules, and there are restrictions on the number and type of shareholders.